Indolocarbazole tetraphenylene compounds

ABSTRACT

Indolocarbazole tetraphenylene compounds are disclosed. These novel compounds contain tetraarylene or tetraheteroarylene which can be used as charge transporting materials, charge blocking materials, hosts or emitters in an organic electroluminescent device. These novel compounds offer better device performance than comparative compounds that don&#39;t contain a tetraarylene or tetraheteroarylene structure. Also disclosed are an electroluminescent device and a formulation.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/574,761, filed Oct. 20, 2017, the entire content of which isincorporated herein by reference.

1 FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds for organic electronicdevices, such as organic light emitting devices. More specifically, thepresent invention relates to compounds having a indolocarbazoletetraphenylene structure, an organic electroluminescent device and aformulation comprising the compounds.

2 BACKGROUND ART

An organic electronic device is preferably selected from the groupconsisting of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organicfield-effect transistors (O-FETs), organic light-emitting transistors(OLETs), organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs), dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs), organic optical detectors, organic photoreceptors, organicfield-quench devices (OFQDs), light-emitting electrochemical cells(LECs), organic laser diodes and organic plasmon emitting devices.

In 1987, Tang and Van Slyke of Eastman Kodak reported a bilayer organicelectroluminescent device, which comprises an arylamine holetransporting layer and a tris-8-hydroxyquinolato-aluminum layer as theelectron and emitting layer (Applied Physics Letters, 1987, 51 (12):913-915). Once a bias is applied to the device, green light was emittedfrom the device. This invention laid the foundation for the developmentof modern organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). State-of-the-art OLEDsmay comprise multiple layers such as charge injection and transportinglayers, charge and exciton blocking layers, and one or multiple emissivelayers between the cathode and anode. Since OLED is a self-emittingsolid state device, it offers tremendous potential for display andlighting applications. In addition, the inherent properties of organicmaterials, such as their flexibility, may make them well suited forparticular applications such as fabrication on flexible substrates.

OLED can be categorized as three different types according to itsemitting mechanism. The OLED invented by Tang and van Slyke is afluorescent OLED. It only utilizes singlet emission. The tripletsgenerated in the device are wasted through nonradiative decay channels.Therefore, the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of a fluorescent OLEDis only 25%. This limitation hindered the commercialization of OLED. In1997, Forrest and Thompson reported phosphorescent OLED, which usestriplet emission from heave metal containing complexes as the emitter.As a result, both singlet and triplets can be harvested, achieving 100%IQE. The discovery and development of phosphorescent OLED contributeddirectly to the commercialization of active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) due toits high efficiency. Recently, Adachi achieved high efficiency throughthermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) of organic compounds.These emitters have small singlet-triplet gap that makes the transitionfrom triplet back to singlet possible. In the TADF device, the tripletexcitons can go through reverse intersystem crossing to generate singletexcitons, resulting in high IQE.

OLEDs can also be classified as small molecule and polymer OLEDsaccording to the forms of the materials used. Small molecule refers toany organic or organometallic material that is not a polymer. Themolecular weight of a small molecule can be large as long as it has welldefined structure. Dendrimers with well-defined structures areconsidered as small molecules. Polymer OLEDs include conjugated polymersand non-conjugated polymers with pendant emitting groups. Small moleculeOLED can become a polymer OLED if post polymerization occurred duringthe fabrication process.

There are various methods for OLED fabrication. Small molecule OLEDs aregenerally fabricated by vacuum thermal evaporation. Polymer OLEDs arefabricated by solution process, such as spin-coating, ink-jet printing,and nozzle printing. Small molecule OLEDs can also be fabricated bysolution process if the materials can be dissolved or dispersed insolvents.

The emitting color of an OLED can be achieved by emitter structuraldesign. An OLED may comprise one emitting layer or a plurality ofemitting layers to achieve desired spectrum. In the case of green,yellow, and red OLEDs, phosphorescent emitters have successfully reachedcommercialization. Blue phosphorescent emitters still suffer fromnon-saturated blue color, short device lifetime, and high operatingvoltage. Commercial full-color OLED displays normally adopt a hybridstrategy, using fluorescent blue and phosphorescent yellow, or red andgreen. At present, efficiency roll-off of phosphorescent OLEDs at highbrightness remains a problem. In addition, it is desirable to have moresaturated emitting color, higher efficiency, and longer device lifetime.

Tetraphenylene consists of four benzene rings that are ortho-annulatedto form an eight-membered ring. It has a nonplanar saddle-shapedstructure, with the two opposite pairs of benzene rings oriented aboveor below the average plane of the molecule. Due to their uniquegeometry, tetraphenylene and its derivatives may be used in OLEDapplications. However, their use in OLED materials has not been widelyexplored. This invention discloses novel indolocarbazole compoundscontaining tetraphenylene building block. The saddle-shaped structure oftetraphenylene reduces solid state packing, results in a lowercrystallinity of the compounds and can effectively regulate the chargetransporting performance. Therefore, these novel compounds offer betterdevice performance than comparative compounds that don't contain atetraphenylene structure.

3 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention aims to provide a series of indolocarbazoletetraphenylene compounds to solve at least part of the above problems.The compounds can be used as charge transporting materials, chargeblocking materials, hosts or emitters etc. in an organicelectroluminescent device. These novel compounds offer better deviceperformance than comparative compounds that don't contain atetraphenylene structure.

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a compound havingformula 1 is disclosed:

Wherein

X₁ to X₁₆ are each independently selected form the group consisting ofC, CR, and N;

L is selected from the group consisting of a single bond, a substitutedor unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substitutedor unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted alkylsilyl group having 3 to 20 carbonatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylsilyl group having 6 to 20carbon atoms;

Y is selected form the group consisting of O, S, Se, NR′, and CR″R′″;

R₁ and R₃ represents mono, di, tri, or tetra substitution or nosubstitution;

R₂ represents mono or di substitution or no substation;

R, R′, R″, R′″, R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, a substituted orunsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbonatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl group having 7 to 30carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 20carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl grouphaving 3 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilylgroup having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedarylsilyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted amino group having 0 to 20 carbon atoms, an acyl group, acarbonyl group, a carboxylic acid group, an ester group, a nitrilegroup, an isonitrile group, a sulfanyl group, a sulfinyl group, asulfonyl group, a phosphino group, and combinations thereof;

Any adjacent substitution can be optionally joined to form a ring orfused structure;

n is integer from 1 to 4;

when n is 2 or more, L, Y, R₁, R₂, and R₃ can be the same or different.

According to another embodiment, an electroluminescent device isdisclosed, which comprises:

an anode,

a cathode,

and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode,comprising a compound having formula 1:

Wherein

X₁ to X₁₆ are each independently selected form the group consisting ofC, CR, and N;

L is selected from the group consisting of a single bond, a substitutedor unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substitutedor unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted alkylsilyl group having 3 to 20 carbonatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylsilyl group having 6 to 20carbon atoms;

-   -   Y is O, S, Se, NR′, or CR″R′″;

R₁ and R₃ represents mono, di, tri, or tetra substitution or nosubstitution;

R₂ represents mono or di substitution or no substation;

R, R′, R″, R′″, R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, a substituted orunsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbonatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl group having 7 to 30carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 20carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl grouphaving 3 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilylgroup having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedarylsilyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted amino group having 0 to 20 carbon atoms, an acyl group, acarbonyl group, a carboxylic acid group, an ester group, a nitrilegroup, an isonitrile group, a sulfanyl group, a sulfinyl group, asulfonyl group, a phosphino group, and combinations thereof;

Any adjacent substitution can be optionally joined to form a ring orfused structure;

n is integer from 1 to 4;

when n is 2 or more, L, Y, R₁, R₂, and R₃ can be the same or different.

According to yet another embodiment, a formulation comprising a compoundhaving formula 1 is also disclosed.

The novel indolocarbazole tetraphenylene compounds disclosed in thepresent invention can be used as charge transporting materials, chargeblocking materials, hosts or emitters in an electroluminescent device.These novel compounds offer better device performance than comparativecompounds that don't contain a tetraphenylene structure.

4 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 schematically shows an organic light emitting device that canincorporate the compounds disclosed herein.

FIG. 2 schematically shows another organic light emitting device thatcan incorporate the compounds disclosed herein.

FIG. 3 shows the formula 1 of the compounds disclosed herein.

5 DETAILED DESCRIPTION

OLEDs can be fabricated on various types of substrates such as glass,plastic, and metal foil. FIG. 1 schematically shows the organic lightemitting device 100 without limitation. The figures are not necessarilydrawn to scale. Some of the layer in the figure can also be omitted asneeded. Device 100 may include a substrate 101, an anode 110, a holeinjection layer 120, a hole transporting layer 130, an electron blockinglayer 140, an emissive layer 150, a hole blocking layer 160, an electrontransporting layer 170, an electron injection layer 180 and a cathode190. Device 100 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described inorder. The properties and functions of these various layers, as well asexample materials, are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No.7,279,704 at cols. 6-10, which are incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

More examples for each of these layers are available. For example, aflexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in itsentirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA dopedwith F4-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated byreference in its entirety. Examples of host materials are disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which is incorporated byreference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transportlayer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed inU.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which isincorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties,disclose examples of cathodes including compound cathodes having a thinlayer of metal such as Mg:Ag with an overlying transparent,electrically-conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. The theory and useof blocking layers is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No.6,097,147 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980,which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Examples ofinjection layers are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Adescription of protective layers may be found in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

The layered structure described above is provided by way of non-limitingexample. Functional OLEDs may be achieved by combining the variouslayers described in different ways, or layers may be omitted entirely.It may also include other layers not specifically described. Within eachlayer, a single material or a mixture of multiple materials can be usedto achieve optimum performance. Any functional layer may include severalsublayers. For example, the emissive layer may have a two layers ofdifferent emitting materials to achieve desired emission spectrum.

In one embodiment, an OLED may be described as having an “organic layer”disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organic layer may comprisea single layer or multiple layers.

An OLED can be encapsulated by a barrier layer to protect it fromharmful species from the environment such as moisture and oxygen. FIG. 2schematically shows the organic light emitting device 200 withoutlimitation. FIG. 2 differs from FIG. 1 in that the organic lightemitting device 200 include a barrier layer 102, which is above thecathode 190. Any material that can provide the barrier function can beused as the barrier layer such as glass and organic-inorganic hybridlayers. The barrier layer should be placed directly or indirectlyoutside of the OLED device. Multilayer thin film encapsulation wasdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,968,146, which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety.

Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the invention canbe incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products that have oneor more of the electronic component modules (or units) incorporatedtherein. Some examples of such consumer products include flat paneldisplays, monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, lightsfor interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads-updisplays, fully or partially transparent displays, flexible displays,smart phones, tablets, phablets, wearable devices, smart watches, laptopcomputers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro-displays, 3-Ddisplays, vehicles displays, and vehicle tail lights.

The materials and structures described herein may be used in otherorganic electronic devices listed above.

As used herein, “top” means furthest away from the substrate, while“bottom” means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer isdescribed as “disposed over” a second layer, the first layer is disposedfurther away from substrate. There may be other layers between the firstand second layer, unless it is specified that the first layer is “incontact with” the second layer. For example, a cathode may be describedas “disposed over” an anode, even though there are various organiclayers in between.

As used herein, “solution processible” means capable of being dissolved,dispersed, or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium,either in solution or suspension form.

A ligand may be referred to as “photoactive” when it is believed thatthe ligand directly contributes to the photoactive properties of anemissive material. A ligand may be referred to as “ancillary” when it isbelieved that the ligand does not contribute to the photoactiveproperties of an emissive material, although an ancillary ligand mayalter the properties of a photoactive ligand.

It is believed that the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of fluorescentOLEDs can exceed the 25% spin statistics limit through delayedfluorescence. As used herein, there are two types of delayedfluorescence, i.e. P-type delayed fluorescence and E-type delayedfluorescence. P-type delayed fluorescence is generated fromtriplet-triplet annihilation (TTA).

On the other hand, E-type delayed fluorescence does not rely on thecollision of two triplets, but rather on the transition between thetriplet states and the singlet excited states. Compounds that arecapable of generating E-type delayed fluorescence are required to havevery small singlet-triplet gaps to convert between energy states.Thermal energy can activate the transition from the triplet state backto the singlet state. This type of delayed fluorescence is also known asthermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). A distinctive featureof TADF is that the delayed component increases as temperature rises. Ifthe reverse intersystem crossing rate is fast enough to minimize thenon-radiative decay from the triplet state, the fraction of backpopulated singlet excited states can potentially reach 75%. The totalsinglet fraction can be 100%, far exceeding 25% of the spin statisticslimit for electrically generated excitons.

E-type delayed fluorescence characteristics can be found in an exciplexsystem or in a single compound. Without being bound by theory, it isbelieved that E-type delayed fluorescence requires the luminescentmaterial to have a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔE_(S-T)). Organic,non-metal containing, donor-acceptor luminescent materials may be ableto achieve this. The emission in these materials is often characterizedas a donor-acceptor charge-transfer (CT) type emission. The spatialseparation of the HOMO and LUMO in these donor-acceptor type compoundsoften results in small ΔE_(S-T). These states may involve CT states.Often, donor-acceptor luminescent materials are constructed byconnecting an electron donor moiety such as amino- orcarbazole-derivatives and an electron acceptor moiety such asN-containing six-membered aromatic rings.

Definition of Terms of Substituents

halogen or halide—as used herein includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine,and iodine.

Alkyl—contemplates both straight and branched chain alkyl groups.Examples of the alkyl group include methyl group, ethyl group, propylgroup, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, s-butyl group, isobutyl group,t-butyl group, n-pentyl group, n-hexyl group, n-heptyl group, n-octylgroup, n-nonyl group, n-decyl group, n-undecyl group, n-dodecyl group,n-tridecyl group, n-tetradecyl group, n-pentadecyl group, n-hexadecylgroup, n-heptadecyl group, n-octadecyl group, neopentyl group,1-methylpentyl group, 2-methylpentyl group, 1-pentylhexyl group,1-butylpentyl group, 1-heptyloctyl group, 3-methylpentyl group.Additionally, the alkyl group may be optionally substituted. The carbonsin the alkyl chain can be replaced by other hetero atoms. Of the above,preferred are methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group,n-butyl group, s-butyl group, isobutyl group, t-butyl group, n-pentylgroup, and neopentyl group.

Cycloalkyl—as used herein contemplates cyclic alkyl groups. Preferredcycloalkyl groups are those containing 4 to 10 ring carbon atoms andincludes cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 4-methylcyclohexyl,4,4-dimethylcylcohexyl, 1-adamantyl, 2-adamantyl, 1-norbornyl,2-norbornyl and the like. Additionally, the cycloalkyl group may beoptionally substituted. The carbons in the ring can be replaced by otherhetero atoms.

Alkenyl—as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chainalkene groups. Preferred alkenyl groups are those containing two tofifteen carbon atoms. Examples of the alkenyl group include vinyl group,allyl group, 1-butenyl group, 2-butenyl group, 3-butenyl group,1,3-butandienyl group, 1-methylvinyl group, styryl group,2,2-diphenylvinyl group, 1,2-diphenylvinyl group, 1-methylallyl group,1,1-dimethylallyl group, 2-methylallyl group, 1-phenylallyl group,2-phenylallyl group, 3-phenylallyl group, 3,3-diphenylallyl group,1,2-dimethylallyl group, 1-phenyl 1-butenyl group, and3-phenyl-1-butenyl group. Additionally, the alkenyl group may beoptionally substituted.

Alkynyl—as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chainalkyne groups. Preferred alkynyl groups are those containing two tofifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkynyl group may be optionallysubstituted.

Aryl or aromatic group—as used herein contemplates noncondensed andcondensed systems. Preferred aryl groups are those containing six tosixty carbon atoms, preferably six to twenty carbon atoms, morepreferably six to twelve carbon atoms. Examples of the aryl groupinclude phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, triphenylene, tetraphenylene,naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene,chrysene, perylene, and azulene, preferably phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl,triphenylene, fluorene, and naphthalene. Additionally, the aryl groupmay be optionally substituted. Examples of the non-condensed aryl groupinclude phenyl group, biphenyl-2-yl group, biphenyl-3-yl group,biphenyl-4-yl group, p-terphenyl-4-yl group, p-terphenyl-3-yl group,p-terphenyl-2-yl group, m-terphenyl-4-yl group, m-terphenyl-3-yl group,m-terphenyl-2-yl group, o-tolyl group, m-tolyl group, p-tolyl group,p-t-butylphenyl group, p-(2-phenylpropyl)phenyl group,4′-methylbiphenylyl group, 4″-t-butyl p-terphenyl-4-yl group, o-cumenylgroup, m-cumenyl group, p-cumenyl group, 2,3-xylyl group, 3,4-xylylgroup, 2,5-xylyl group, mesityl group, and m-quarterphenyl group.

Heterocyclic group or heterocycle—as used herein contemplates aromaticand non-aromatic cyclic groups. Hetero-aromatic also means heteroaryl.Preferred non-aromatic heterocyclic groups are those containing 3 to 7ring atoms which includes at least one hetero atom such as nitrogen,oxygen, and sulfur. The heterocyclic group can also be an aromaticheterocyclic group having at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogenatom, oxygen atom, sulfur atom, and selenium atom.

Heteroaryl—as used herein contemplates noncondensed and condensedhetero-aromatic groups that may include from one to five heteroatoms.Preferred heteroaryl groups are those containing three to thirty carbonatoms, preferably three to twenty carbon atoms, more preferably three totwelve carbon atoms. Suitable heteroaryl groups includedibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene,benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole,indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole,triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole,thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine,oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole,indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline,isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine,phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine,phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine,thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine,preferably dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene,carbazole, indolocarbazole, imidazole, pyridine, triazine,benzimidazole, 1,2-azaborine, 1,3-azaborine, 1,4-azaborine, borazine,and aza-analogs thereof. Additionally, the heteroaryl group may beoptionally substituted.

Alkoxy—it is represented by —O-Alkyl. Examples and preferred examplesthereof are the same as those described above. Examples of the alkoxygroup having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atomsinclude methoxy group, ethoxy group, propoxy group, butoxy group,pentyloxy group, and hexyloxy group. The alkoxy group having 3 or morecarbon atoms may be linear, cyclic or branched.

Aryloxy—it is represented by —O-Aryl or —O-heteroaryl. Examples andpreferred examples thereof are the same as those described above.Examples of the aryloxy group having 6 to 40 carbon atoms includephenoxy group and biphenyloxy group.

Arylalkyl—as used herein contemplates an alkyl group that has an arylsubstituent. Additionally, the arylalkyl group may be optionallysubstituted. Examples of the arylalkyl group include benzyl group,1-phenylethyl group, 2-phenylethyl group, 1-phenylisopropyl group,2-phenylisopropyl group, phenyl-t-butyl group, alpha.-naphthylmethylgroup, 1-alpha.-naphthylethyl group, 2-alpha-naphthylethyl group,1-alpha-naphthylisopropyl group, 2-alpha-naphthylisopropyl group,beta-naphthylmethyl group, 1-beta-naphthylethyl group,2-beta-naphthylethyl group, 1-beta-naphthylisopropyl group,2-beta-naphthylisopropyl group, p-methylbenzyl group, m-methylbenzylgroup, o-methylbenzyl group, p-chlorobenzyl group, m-chlorobenzyl group,o-chlorobenzyl group, p-bromobenzyl group, m-bromobenzyl group,o-bromobenzyl group, p-iodobenzyl group, m-iodobenzyl group,o-iodobenzyl group, p-hydroxybenzyl group, m-hydroxybenzyl group,o-hydroxybenzyl group, p-aminobenzyl group, m-aminobenzyl group,o-aminobenzyl group, p-nitrobenzyl group, m-nitrobenzyl group,o-nitrobenzyl group, p-cyanobenzyl group, m-cyanobenzyl group,o-cyanobenzyl group, 1-hydroxy-2-phenylisopropyl group, and1-chloro2-phenylisopropyl group. Of the above, preferred are benzylgroup, p-cyanobenzyl group, m-cyanobenzyl group, o-cyanobenzyl group,1-phenylethyl group, 2-phenylethyl group, 1-phenylisopropyl group, and2-phenylisopropyl group.

The term “aza” in azadibenzofuran, aza-dibenzothiophene, etc. means thatone or more of the C—H groups in the respective aromatic fragment arereplaced by a nitrogen atom. For example, azatriphenylene encompassesdibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline,dibenzo[f,h]quinoline and other analogues withtwo or more nitrogens in the ring system. One of ordinary skill in theart can readily envision other nitrogen analogs of the aza-derivativesdescribed above, and all such analogs are intended to be encompassed bythe terms as set forth herein.

The alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, heterocyclic group,aryl, and heteroaryl may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with oneor more substituents selected from the group consisting of deuterium,halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, cyclicamino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heteroaryl, an acyl group, a carbonyl group, a carboxylic acid group, anether group, an ester group, a nitrile group, an isonitrile group, asulfanyl group, a sulfinyl group, a sulfonyl group, a phosphino group,and combinations thereof.

It is to be understood that when a molecular fragment is described asbeing a substituent or otherwise attached to another moiety, its namemay be written as if it were a fragment (e.g. phenyl, phenylene,naphthyl, dibenzofuryl) or as if it were the whole molecule (e.g.benzene, naphthalene, dibenzofuran). As used herein, these differentways of designating a substituent or attached fragment are considered tobe equivalent.

In the compounds mentioned in this disclosure, the hydrogen atoms can bepartially or fully replaced by deuterium. Other atoms such as carbon andnitrogen, can also be replaced by their other stable isotopes. Thereplacement by other stable isotopes in the compounds may be preferreddue to its enhancements of device efficiency and stability.

In the compounds mentioned in this disclosure, multiple substitutionsrefer to a range that includes a double substitution, up to the maximumavailable substitutions.

In the compounds mentioned in this disclosure, the expression thatadjacent substituents are optionally joined to form a ring is intendedto be taken to mean that two radicals are linked to each other by achemical bond. This is illustrated by the following scheme:

Furthermore, the expression that adjacent substituents are optionallyjoined to form a ring is also intended to be taken to mean that in thecase where one of the two radicals represents hydrogen, the secondradical is bonded at a position to which the hydrogen atom was bonded,with formation of a ring. This is illustrated by the following scheme:

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a compound havingformula 1 is disclosed:

Wherein

X₁ to X₁₆ are each independently selected form the group consisting ofC, CR, and N;

L is selected from the group consisting of a single bond, a substitutedor unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substitutedor unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted alkylsilyl group having 3 to 20 carbonatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylsilyl group having 6 to 20carbon atoms;

Y is selected form the group consisting of O, S, Se, NR′, or CR″R′″;

R₁ and R₃ represents mono, di, tri, or tetra substitution or nosubstitution;

R₂ represents mono or di substitution or no substation;

R, R′, R″, R′″, R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, a substituted orunsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbonatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl group having 7 to 30carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 20carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl grouphaving 3 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilylgroup having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedarylsilyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted amino group having 0 to 20 carbon atoms, an acyl group, acarbonyl group, a carboxylic acid group, an ester group, a nitrilegroup, an isonitrile group, a sulfanyl group, a sulfinyl group, asulfonyl group, a phosphino group, and combinations thereof;

Any adjacent substitution can be optionally joined to form a ring orfused structure;

n is selected form 1, 2, 3, or 4;

when n is 2 or more, L, Y, R₁, R₂, and R₃ can be the same or different.

In one embodiment, wherein none of X₁ to X₁₆ is N, X₁ to X₁₆ are eachindependently selected form the group consisting of C, and CR.

In one embodiment, wherein at least one of X₁ to X₁₆ is N.

In one preferred embodiment, wherein L is selected from the groupconsisting of:

and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, wherein Y is selected from NR′.

In one preferred embodiment, wherein the compound is selected from thegroup consisting of:

According to another embodiment, an electroluminescent device isdisclosed. The electroluminescent device comprises:

an anode,

a cathode,

and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode,comprising a compound according to formula 1:

Wherein

X₁ to X₁₆ are each independently selected form the group consisting ofC, CR, and N;

L is selected from the group consisting of a single bond, a substitutedor unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substitutedor unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted alkylsilyl group having 3 to 20 carbonatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylsilyl group having 6 to 20carbon atoms;

Y is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, NR′, or CR″R′″;

R₁ and R₃ represents mono, di, tri, or tetra substitution or nosubstitution;

R₂ represents mono or di substitution or no substation;

R, R′, R″, R′″, R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, a substituted orunsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbonatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl group having 7 to 30carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 20carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl grouphaving 3 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilylgroup having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedarylsilyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted amino group having 0 to 20 carbon atoms, an acyl group, acarbonyl group, a carboxylic acid group, an ester group, a nitrilegroup, an isonitrile group, a sulfanyl group, a sulfinyl group, asulfonyl group, a phosphino group, and combinations thereof;

Any adjacent substitution can be optionally joined to form a ring orfused structure;

n is selected from 1, 2, 3, or 4;

when n is 2 or more, L, Y, R₁, R₂, and R₃ can be the same or different.

In one embodiment, wherein the organic layer is a charge transportinglayer.

In one embodiment, wherein the organic layer is a charge blocking layer.

In one embodiment, wherein the organic layer is an emissive layer andthe compound is a host.

In one embodiment, wherein the organic layer further comprises aphosphorescent emitter.

In one embodiment, wherein the organic layer further comprises aphosphorescent emitter and the phosphorescent emitter is a metal complexhaving at least one ligand comprising the following structures:

Wherein

R_(a), R_(b), and R_(c) can represent mono, di, tri, or tetrasubstitution or no substitution;

R_(a), R_(b), and R_(c) are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, a substituted orunsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbonatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl group having 7 to 30carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 20carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl grouphaving 3 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilylgroup having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedarylsilyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted amino group having 0 to 20 carbon atoms, an acyl group, acarbonyl group, a carboxylic acid group, an ester group, a nitrilegroup, an isonitrile group, a sulfanyl group, a sulfinyl group, asulfonyl group, a phosphino group, and combinations thereof;

X_(b) is selected from the group consisting of O, S, Se, NR_(N1), andCR_(C1)R_(C2);

R_(N1), R_(C1) and R_(C2) are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, a substituted orunsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbonatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl group having 7 to 30carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 20carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl grouphaving 3 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilylgroup having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedarylsilyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted amino group having 0 to 20 carbon atoms, an acyl group, acarbonyl group, a carboxylic acid group, an ester group, a nitrilegroup, an isonitrile group, a sulfanyl group, a sulfinyl group, asulfonyl group, a phosphino group, and combinations thereof;

Two adjacent substituents can be optionally joined to form a ring.

In one embodiment, wherein the organic layer is the emissive layer andthe compound of formula 1 is the thermally delayed fluorescent dopant.

According to yet another embodiment, a formulation comprising a compoundaccording to formula 1 is also disclosed. The specific structure of thecompound is described in any of the above embodiments.

Combination with Other Materials

The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in anorganic light emitting device may be used in combination with a widevariety of other materials present in the device. The combinations ofthese materials are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. App. No.20160359122 at paragraphs 0132-0161, which are incorporated by referencein its entirety. The materials described or referred to the disclosureare non-limiting examples of materials that may be useful in combinationwith the compounds disclosed herein, and one of skill in the art canreadily consult the literature to identify other materials that may beuseful in combination.

The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in anorganic light emitting device may be used in combination with a varietyof other materials present in the device. For example, emissive dopantsdisclosed herein may be used in combination with a wide variety ofhosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers, electrodesand other layers that may be present. The combination of these materialsis described in detail in paragraphs 0080-0101 of U.S. Pat. App. No.20150349273, which are incorporated by reference in its entirety. Thematerials described or referred to the disclosure are non-limitingexamples of materials that may be useful in combination with thecompounds disclosed herein, and one of skill in the art can readilyconsult the literature to identify other materials that may be useful incombination.

In the embodiments of material synthesis, all reactions were performedunder nitrogen protection unless otherwise stated. All reaction solventswere anhydrous and used as received from commercial sources. Syntheticproducts were structurally confirmed and tested for properties using oneor more conventional equipment in the art (including, but not limitedto, nuclear magnetic resonance instrument produced by BRUKER, liquidchromatograph produced by SHIMADZU, liquid chromatography-massspectrometer produced by SHIMADZU, gas chromatography-mass spectrometerproduced by SHIMADZU, differential Scanning calorimeters produced bySHIMADZU, fluorescence spectrophotometer produced by SHANGHAI LENGGUANGTECH., electrochemical workstation produced by WUHAN CORRTEST, andsublimation apparatus produced by ANHUI BEQ, etc.) by methods well knownto the persons skilled in the art. In the embodiments of the device, thecharacteristics of the device were also tested using conventionalequipment in the art (including, but not limited to, evaporator producedby ANGSTROM ENGINEERING, optical testing system produced by SUZHOUFATAR, life testing system produced by SUZHOU FATAR, and ellipsometerproduced by BEIJING ELLITOP, etc.) by methods well known to the personsskilled in the art. As the persons skilled in the art are aware of theabove-mentioned equipment use, test methods and other related contents,the inherent data of the sample can be obtained with certainty andwithout influence, so the above related contents are not furtherdescribed in this patent.

Material Synthesis Example

The method for preparing the compounds of the present invention is notlimited. The following compound is exemplified as a typical butnon-limiting example, and its synthesis route and preparation method areas follows:

Synthesis of Compound 1

Step 1:

Tetraphenylene (20.0 g, 65.6 mmol), N-bromosuccinimide (23.4 g, 98.4mmol), AuCl₃ (1.0 g, 3.28 mmol) were dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane(400 mL). The reaction mixture was degassed with nitrogen and heated at80° C. for 12 hours. After the reaction was cooled down to roomtemperature, the solvent was removed in vacuo and extracted with DCM.The residue was purified by flash column chromatography using 3% of DCMin hexane to afford 2-bromotetraphenylene (8 g, 33% yield) as a whitesolid.

Step 2:

2-bromotetraphenylene (8.0 g, 22.3 mmol),5-phenyl-5,8-dihydroindolo[2,3-c]carbazole (7.4 g, 22.3 mmol),tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) (1.0 g, 1.1 mmol),2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl (0.9 g, 2.23 mmol),sodium tert-butoxide (4.3 g, 44.6 mmol) were mixed in xylene (100 mL) togive a colorless suspension. The reaction mixture was degassed withnitrogen and heated at 140° C. for 16 hours. After the reaction wascooled down to room temperature, the solvent was removed in vacuo andextracted with DCM. The organic phase was separated and collected. Theresidue was purified by flash column chromatography using 10%-20% of DCMin hexane to afford Compound 1 (3.3 g, 24.2% yield) as a pale yellowsolid. The Compound 1 was identified as the target, having a molecularweight of 635.

The persons skilled in the art should know that the above preparationmethod is only an illustrative example, and the persons skilled in theart can obtain the structure of other compounds of the present inventionby modifying the above preparation method.

Device Examples

A glass substrate with 80 nm thick indium-tin-oxide (ITO) anode wasfirst cleaned and then treated with oxygen plasma and UV ozone. Afterthe treatments, the substrate was baked in a glovebox to removemoisture. The substrate was then mounted on a substrate holder andloaded into a vacuum chamber. The organic layers specified below weredeposited in sequence by thermal vacuum deposition on the ITO anode at arate of 0.2-2 Å/s at a vacuum level of around 10⁻⁸ torr. Compound HI wasused as the hole injection layer (HIL). Compound HT was used as the holetransporting layer (HTL). Compound EB was used as the electron blockinglayer (EBL). Then by co-deposition, Compound EM was doped in theinventive compound and Compound HB as the emitting layer (EML). CompoundHB was used as the hole blocking layer (HBL). On the HBL, Compound ETand 8-hydroxyquinolinolato-lithium (Liq) were co-deposited as theelectron transporting layer (ETL). Finally, 1 nm of Liq was deposited asthe electron injection layer and 120 nm of Al was deposited as thecathode. The device was then transferred back to the glovebox andencapsulated with a glass lid and a moisture getter. The comparativeexamples were prepared in the same way except that comparative compoundwas used instead of the inventive compound.

The detailed device layer structure and thicknesses are shown in thetable below. In the layers in which more than one material were used,they were obtained by doping different compounds in the weight ratiosdescribed therein.

TABLE 1 Device structure of device examples Device ID HIL HTL EBL EMLHBL ETL Example 1 Compound Compound Compound Compound 1:CompoundCompound Compound HI (100 Å) HT (350 Å) EB (50 Å) HB:Compound EM HB (100Å) ET:Liq (40:60) (45:45:10) (400 Å) (350 Å) Comparative CompoundCompound Compound Compound A:Compound Compound Compound Example 1 HI(100 Å) HT (350 Å) EB (50 Å) HB:Compound EM HB (100 Å) ET:Liq (40:60)(45:45:10) (400 Å) (350 Å) Comparative Compound Compound CompoundCompound B:Compound Compound Compound Example 2 HI (100 Å) HT (350 Å) EB(50 Å) HB:Compound EM HB (100 Å) ET:Liq (40:60) (45:45:10) (400 Å) (350Å)

The structures of the materials used in the devices are shown below:

The IVL and lifetime characteristics of the devices were measured atvarious current densities and voltages. Table 2 shows the luminanceefficiency (LE), λ max, full width at half maximum (FWHM), voltage (V)and CIE data at 21,750 cd/m². The sublimation temperatures (Sub T) ofCompound 1, Compound A and Compound B were recorded. The lifetime wastested at a constant current from an initial brightness of 21,750 cd/m².

TABLE 2 Device data Sub Volt- T CIE λmax FWHM age LE LT95 Device ID (°C.) (x, y) (nm) (nm) (V) (cd/A) (hour) Example 1 278 0.332, 528 55 4.4279 56 0.636 Comparative 289 0.335, 528 56 4.23 81 23 Example 1 0.635Comparative 282 0.330, 527 54 4.28 76 56 Example 2 0.638

Discussion:

As shown from the data in Table 2, the CIE, λ max and full width at halfmaximum (FWHM), are similar. But most importantly, Example 1 withCompound 1 as a host material has a much longer lifetime compared toComparative Example 1. Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 have the samelifetime. However, Example 1 has a higher device luminance efficiency.It demonstrates that compounds of Formula 1, characterized bytetraarylene or tetraheteroarylene linked to fused ring carbazole canoffer high efficiency and long lifetime in devices.

It is understood that the various embodiments described herein are byway of example only and are not intended to limit the scope of theinvention. The present invention as claimed may therefore includevariations from the particular examples and preferred embodimentsdescribed herein, as will be apparent to one of skill in the art. Manyof the materials and structures described herein may be substituted withother materials and structures without deviating from the spirit of theinvention. It is understood that various theories as to why theinvention works are not intended to be limiting.

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound having formula 1:

Wherein X₁ to X₁₆ are each independently selected form the groupconsisting of C, CR, and N; L is selected from the group consisting of asingle bond, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 4to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilyl grouphaving 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylsilylgroup having 6 to 20 carbon atoms; Y is selected form the groupconsisting of O, S, Se, NR′, and CR″R′″; R₁ and R₃ represents mono, di,tri, or tetra substitution or no substitution; R₂ represents mono or disubstitution or no substation; R, R′, R″, R′″, R₁, R₂, and R₃ are eachindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium,halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3to 20 ring carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylgroup having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedarylalkyl group having 7 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, a substitutedor unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 3 to 30 carbonatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilyl group having 3 to 20carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylsilyl group having 6 to20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted amino group having 0 to20 carbon atoms, an acyl group, a carbonyl group, a carboxylic acidgroup, an ester group, a nitrile group, an isonitrile group, a sulfanylgroup, a sulfinyl group, a sulfonyl group, a phosphino group, andcombinations thereof; Any adjacent substitution can be optionally joinedto form a ring or fused structure; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; when n is 2 ormore, L, Y, R₁, R₂, and R₃ can be the same or different.
 2. The compoundof claim 1, wherein none of X₁ to X₁₆ is N.
 3. The compound of claim 1,wherein at least one of X₁ to X₁₆ is N.
 4. The compound of claim 1,wherein L is selected from the group consisting of:

and combinations thereof.
 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein Y isselected from NR′.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound isselected from the group consisting of:


7. An electroluminescent device comprises: an anode, a cathode, and anorganic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprising acompound having formula 1:

Wherein X₁ to X₁₆ are each independently selected form the groupconsisting of C, CR, and N; L is selected from the group consisting of asingle bond, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 30carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having 4to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilyl grouphaving 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylsilylgroup having 6 to 20 carbon atoms; Y is O, S, Se, NR′, or CR″R′″; R₁ andR₃ represents mono, di, tri, or tetra substitution or no substitution;R₂ represents mono or di substitution or no substation; R, R′, R″, R′″,R₁, R₂, and R₃ are each independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylgroup having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted heteroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl group having 7 to 30 carbonatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbonatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to 30carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2 to20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group having3 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilyl grouphaving 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylsilylgroup having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aminogroup having 0 to 20 carbon atoms, an acyl group, a carbonyl group, acarboxylic acid group, an ester group, a nitrile group, an isonitrilegroup, a sulfanyl group, a sulfinyl group, a sulfonyl group, a phosphinogroup, and combinations thereof; Any adjacent substitution can beoptionally joined to form a ring or fused structure; n is selected from1, 2, 3, or 4; when n is 2 or more, L, Y, R₁, R₂, and R₃ can be the sameor different.
 8. The device of claim 7, wherein the organic layer is acharge transporting layer.
 9. The device of claim 7, wherein the organiclayer is a charge blocking layer.
 10. The device of claim 7, wherein theorganic layer is an emissive layer and the compound is a host.
 11. Thedevice of claim 7, wherein the organic layer further comprises aphosphorescent emitter.
 12. The device of claim 7, wherein the organiclayer further comprises a phosphorescent emitter and the phosphorescentemitter is a metal complex having at least one ligand comprising thestructure selected from the group consisting of:

Wherein R_(a), R_(b), and R_(c) can represent mono, di, tri, or tetrasubstitution or no substitution; X_(b) is selected from the groupconsisting of O, S, Se, NR_(N1), and CR_(C1)R_(C2); R_(a), R_(b), R_(c),R_(N1), R_(C1), and R_(C2) are each independently selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, a substituted orunsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms, asubstituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbonatoms, a substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl group having 7 to 30carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group having 1 to 20carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group having 6 to30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group having 2to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl grouphaving 3 to 30 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylsilylgroup having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstitutedarylsilyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted orunsubstituted amino group having 0 to 20 carbon atoms, an acyl group, acarbonyl group, a carboxylic acid group, an ester group, a nitrilegroup, an isonitrile group, a sulfanyl group, a sulfinyl group, asulfonyl group, a phosphino group, and combinations thereof; Anyadjacent substitution can be optionally joined to form a ring.
 13. Thedevice of claim 7, wherein the organic layer is the emissive layer andthe compound of formula 1 is the thermally delayed fluorescent dopant.14. A formulation comprises the compound of claim 1.